Aquaculture and Shrimp Culture :: New Aquaculture Technology

Aqua coating in general and shrimp farming in particular have recently been developing strategies of super-intensive cultureswithout water exchange. This uprise addresses environmental questions raised by both society and the scientific residential district regarding sustainable discipline concepts which demand a convergence of ecological prudence, economic efficiency and social equity in all human activities (Bailey, 1988 Brown, 1989 Pruder, 1992 mac and Phillips, 1992 Kinkelin and Michel, 1992 Pe rez, 1993 Currie, 1994 Primavera, 1994 Rosenthal, 1994 Larsson et al., 1995 Kestemont, 1995).Pioneer work such as Reid and Arnold (1992) and Williams et al. (1996) demonstrated that it is possible to kindle shrimp at high density in raceway systems that aim water recirculation. The recent progress made in the area of super-dense cultures, in addition known as suspended-growth systems (Hargreaves, 2006) and active suspension ponds (Avnimelech, 2006), reinforces the idea that it is possible to unwrap aquatic organisms in an intensive and especially bio-safe way. The absence of effluents, the reduction of utilized space, and the dramatic reduction of the introduction of infectious diseases, are the main criteria for justifying its development (McNeil, 2000 McAbee et al., 2003 Burford et al., 2003, 2004 Pruder, 2004 Sowers et al., 2005 Wasielesky et al., 2006 Azim and Little, 2008 De Schryver et al., 2008 Schveitzer et al., 2008).Although this relatively new aquaculture technology is still developing (De Schryver et al., 2008), important interrogation effortshave been made with the objective of comprehending the physical, chemical and biological phenomena present in the water that dictate the dynamic of the cultures (Hopkins et al., 1993 Moss and Pruder, 1995 Sandifer and Hopkins, 1996 Davis and Arnold, 1998 Avnimelech, 1999 Browdy et al., 2001). Some studies suggest that shrimp culture in a closed system (without water exchange) can go on water quality cons idered acceptable for these organisms (Thakur and Lin, 2003). Others suggest that the water quality, in elicit of being poor due to the large quantity of nutrients that are hoard over time, is sufficient to guarantee the growth and survival of the animals (Burford et al., 2003). Hargreaves (2006) criticizes the majority of studies regarding these supposed suspended-growth systems, because they suggest that the role of the bacteria in reference to the maintenance and the forward motion of the water quality is more important than the phytoplankton metabolism.The importance that primary productiveness has in the cultures (extensive, semi-intensive, polycultures, etc.) of different organisms is well-documented (Noriega-Curtis, 1979 Laws and Malecha, 1981 Chang and Ouyang, 1988 Yusoff and McNabb,